A Literature Review of Caregiver Risk Factors for Adolescent Substance Use
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Adolescent substance use is a significant public health concern in Canada, with rates of alcohol use reaching 75%, and both cannabis and tobacco use reaching 26%, in Ontario schools. This behaviour poses serious health risks, including dependence, neurocognitive deficits, and mental health challenges. Caregiver influence plays a critical role in shaping adolescent substance use. Currently, there remains a gap in the literature regarding prevention and intervention strategies tailored to at-risk youth that specifically consider caregiver-related risk factors. Objective: To identify evidence-based parental risk factors for adolescent substance use, to inform future prevention and intervention strategies. Methods: 420 studies were identified from an initial search for studies related to adolescent (defined as aged 10-19) substance use and parents. Results: 11 unique parental risk factors for adolescent substance use were identified. Low parental monitoring (24) and prenatal substance exposure (20) had the greatest number of studies and the largest compiled study populations. Seven risk factors were related to the parent-child relationship, such as low parental support and high parental permissiveness. Interparental conflict and parental substance use were also identified as significant risk factors. Three parent-child relationship factors, low parental punishment, low parental communication, and harsh parenting, had few but recent studies, indicating they may be emerging research topics in parent-child dynamics. Conclusion: This review identified several caregiver-related factors commonly associated with adolescent substance use, including prenatal substance exposure, low parental monitoring, and poor parent-child communication. While findings suggest these factors may interact in complex ways, further research is needed to clarify how they contribute to risk and how they might inform the development of supportive, family-centered prevention efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.012 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".