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Record W4414284030 · doi:10.1080/14729679.2025.2540087

Policy as an approach to behaviour change: encouraging visits to the outdoors during leisure and recreation to promote health and wellbeing in Scotland

2025· article· en· W4414284030 on OpenAlex
Emily Smith, Melissa Marselle, Kathryn Colley, Katherine N. Irvine

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Canadian institutionsMcMaster University
FundersUniversity of SurreyRural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division
KeywordsRecreationOutdoor educationLeisure studiesMental healthLeisure timeWell-beingPublic healthHealth promotion

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Increasing visits to the outdoors for leisure and recreation has the potential to reduce societal inequalities and promote health and well-being. Government policy is one mechanism to support behaviour change at scale. Using Scotland as a case study, this paper examined how national strategies and plans incorporate behaviour change approaches to increase outdoor visits. It also assessed the utility of the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework for retrospectively analysing policy. The analysis found no single national strategy focused on promoting visits to the outdoors for leisure and recreation. While some policies include actions to encourage behaviour change, there is scope to expand these efforts and use a wider range of interventions. Doing so could improve access for groups who currently visit the outdoors less often and help prevent widening health disparities. The BCW proved to be an effective tool for retrospectively analysing behaviour change approaches in government policy.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.209
Threshold uncertainty score0.782

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.359
Teacher spread0.344 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it