Liquid Plasma Induces Necroptosis Without Inflammatory Responses in Head and Neck Cancer Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Several types of regulated cell deaths are known, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Among these types of cell deaths, apoptosis is induced by many cancer therapeutic agents. In the case of resistance, however, induction of other regulated cell death, such as necroptosis, are required. Liquid plasma, which is prepared by treatment of non-thermal plasma to solution, induces various types of regulated cell death via reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Methods: Liquid plasma was generated by N2/Ar plasma treatment in culture medium (minimum essential medium (MEM), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), or Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640) for 120 s per milliliter of medium (2 cm). Cell viability was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), and apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cycloheximide (CHX), and zVAD-fmk were used to induce necroptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and necroptosis inhibitors, such as necrostatin-1 (Nec-1, 50 µM), GSK872 (10 µM), and necrosulfonamide (NSA, 2 µM) were used to inhibit necroptosis. Statistical comparisons between groups were carried out using the Student’s t-test. Results: Here, we determined the type of cell death induced by liquid plasma in head and neck cancer (HNC) cells. Our results show that liquid plasma caused necroptosis in HNC cells, and peroxynitrite in the liquid plasma might be involved in the cell death. The expression of inflammation-related molecules, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-6, and mitochondrial antiviral signaling proteins, were detected in HNC cells, and treatment of HNC cells with liquid plasma decreased their expression. Conclusions: These results suggest that liquid plasma could be used to treat HNC by inducing necroptosis without inflammatory responses. In this study, we demonstrated that liquid plasma treatment may kill HNC cells without causing necroptosis-induced inflammation and inflammation-mediated diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".