Cytokinins control secondary cell wall formation in the inflorescence stem of <i>Arabidopsis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control over developmental programs is vital to all organisms. Here, we show that deficiency in cytokinin signaling or biosynthesis leads to early secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in Arabidopsis inflorescence stem that associates with precocious upregulation of an SCW transcriptional cascade controlled by NAC transcription factors (NSTs/VNDs). Cytokinin signaling through AHK2/3 and the ARR1/10/12 suppresses the expression of several NST genes and SCW formation. Exogenous cytokinin application led to fast downregulation of NST1 and NST3 (NST1/3) in the wild type and reconstituted both proper development and the apical-basal gradient of NST1/3 expression in a cytokinin-deficient mutant. AHK2 and AHK3 require functional NST1 or NST3 to control SCW initiation in the interfascicular fibers, demonstrating that cytokinins act upstream of NSTs. The premature onset of a rigid SCW biosynthesis and altered expression of NSTs due to cytokinin deficiency led to the formation of smaller tracheary elements and impaired hydraulic conductivity. We conclude that cytokinins downregulate NST genes to inhibit premature SCW formation in the apical part of the inflorescence stem, facilitating thus the development of fully functional tracheary elements and interfascicular fibers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".