North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis summer habitat in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada: 2017-2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution of North Atlantic right whales (hereafter ‘right whales’) has shifted since ~2010, as exemplified by the decreased use of several habitats in the Gulf of Maine, lower Bay of Fundy, and Scotian Shelf, and increased occupancy of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL). The goal of this study was to characterize right whale feeding habitat in the sGSL region. We conducted opportunistic oceanographic sampling in the presence and absence of right whales in July and August over 3 yr (2017-2019). Each oceanographic station was typically comprised of a depth-integrated ring net tow and 2 vertical profiles with a conductivity-temperature-depth instrument and optical plankton counter. Of the calanoid copepod taxa, small copepods (e.g. Centropages spp., Pseudocalanus spp.) were numerically dominant at all stations where data were available, but Calanus finmarchicus was also abundant, while C. hyperboreus comprised most of the biomass. Net-derived abundance of late-stage C. hyperboreus and total biomass were significantly greater at stations where right whales were detected. Logistic regression analysis suggested that a higher probability of right whale detection was associated with a thicker bottom mixed layer and abundant patches of late-stage C. hyperboreus near the seafloor. These results offer insights into the vertical distribution and quantity of prey, the quality of the sGSL as a right whale foraging habitat, and the associated implications for right whale recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".