Choroid plexus enlargement correlates with demyelinating lesions and thalamic atrophy in radiologically isolated syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Choroid plexus (ChP) enlargement correlates with neuroinflammation, brain atrophy, and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS); its relevance in people with radiologically isolated syndrome (pwRIS) is unclear. Objective: To investigate ChP volume (ChPvol) differences across age-/sex-matched pwRIS, people with MS (pwMS), and healthy controls (HCs), and to examine associations between ChPvol, brain volumetric measures, and development of clinically definite MS (CDMS). Methods: 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imagings (3T-MRIs) from 59 pwRIS, 59 pwMS, and 59 HCs were analyzed. ChPvol, white matter lesion volume (WMLvol), central vein sign (CVS), paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs), and brain volumes were assessed. pwRIS were prospectively monitored for CDMS. Results: ChPvol was larger in pwRIS ( p < 0.0001) and pwMS ( p = 0.042) compared to HCs. Multivariable regression showed that higher ChPvol (odds ratio (OR) = 7.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44–36.03, p = 0.016) and lower thalamic volume (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.10–0.52, p < 0.001) independently distinguished RIS from HCs. In pwRIS, ChP enlargement correlated with higher WMLvol ( r s = 0.495, p < 0.0001), higher proportion of CVS-positive lesions ( r s = 0.28, p = 0.042), and lower thalamic volume ( r s = −0.451, p < 0.0001). Of 35 pwRIS with longitudinal follow-up, 10 (28.6%) developed CDMS; however, baseline ChPvol did not differ between those who developed CDMS and those who did not ( p = 0.77). Conclusions: ChP enlargement is evident at the earliest stage of MS, is associated with demyelination and neurodegeneration, highlighting ChP volume as a potential diagnostic biomarker. Although baseline ChPvol alone did not predict progression to CDMS, its similarity in RIS and MS cohorts supports the forthcoming 2024 revised McDonald criteria suggesting that RIS can be considered MS in specific situations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".