The revision of baphetids from the Middle Pennsylvanian of the Czech Republic: Morphology, ontogeny, palaeoecology, and the reassessment of the phylogeny of Baphetoidea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The baphetoids represent a clade of the Carboniferous stem-tetrapods (Middle Mississippian-Middle Pennsylvanian) with a characteristic extension of the orbits into antorbital vacuities, which formed keyhole-shaped openings on the skull. The more derived baphetids were crocodile-like piscivores frequently occurring in coal-bearing lacustrine deposits with abundant fish fauna and known from Central and Western Europe, the United States, and Canada. Several important specimens referred to the group have historically been reported from the late Carboniferous (Moscovian) of the Czech Republic, but the thorough revision and comparison of this material have never been fully undertaken. Here we provide a morphological revision of all available baphetid material from the late Carboniferous of the Czech Republic, including one newly described specimen. The part of the presumably lost type material of Loxomma bohemicum was rediscovered and shown here to represent a poorly preserved lower jaw fragment of the temnospondyl Capetus palustris, while all remaining material can be referred to Baphetes orientalis and provides an important insight into the poorly known baphetid ontogeny. The species can be characterized by the postorbital with a very thin and sharply pointed postfrontal process and a slightly elongate rectangular lateral process of the bone. Other characteristics formerly used to diagnose this species are most likely ontogenetically influenced. The results of the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Baphetoidea to date indicate that Baphetinae might be polyphyletic, while "Loxomma" lintonensis has been recovered outside the clade Loxommatinae and cannot be confidently assigned to the Loxomma genus on morphological grounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".