Dementia Risk in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Associated Risk Factors: A Nationwide, Register-Based Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Life expectancy of individuals with type 1 diabetes has increased, extending exposure to age-related conditions including dementia. Although earlier studies have linked type 1 diabetes with higher dementia risk, the relationships with dementia subtypes and associated risk factors are incompletely understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this cohort study, 43,440 individuals with type 1 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register and 217,109 age-, sex-, and county-matched control individuals from the Swedish Total Population Register were included. Cox regression was used to study the relation between type 1 diabetes and risk of all-cause dementia and dementia subtypes (Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and non-Alzheimer-nonvascular dementia). We also examined the relationship between various risk factors and risk of all-cause dementia in type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: After a median follow-up time of 14.3 (7.9-20.0) years, dementia was recorded in 530 (1.2%) individuals with type 1 diabetes and 1,867 (0.9%) age-, sex-, and county-matched control individuals (mean baseline age 33.0 [14.0] years). Compared with control individuals, individuals with type 1 diabetes had a higher risk of all-cause dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 2.02 [95% CI 1.83-2.23], Alzheimer disease (HR 1.38 [95% CI 1.13-1.69]), vascular dementia (HR 3.73 [95% CI 3.07-4.52]) and non-Alzheimer-nonvascular dementia (HR 1.87 [95% CI 1.63-2.15]). Risk factors related to dementia risk in type 1 diabetes beyond age were lower education level, being single, higher systolic blood pressure, higher HbA1c, history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, history of cardiovascular disease, and longer diabetes duration. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of all-cause dementia and dementia subtypes is higher in individuals with type 1 diabetes compared with matched control individuals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".