Associations between peer victimization and depression and anxiety disorders during adolescence: A population-representative study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite evidence that peer victimization is associated with greater symptoms of anxiety and depression, it is less clear whether these associations extend to clinically significant disorders characterized by impairment and distress. It is also unclear whether specific forms of peer victimization are uniquely associated with internalizing disorders. To address these gaps, we examined whether (a) peer victimization was associated with major depression and anxiety disorders, classifications informed by whether symptoms were associated with impairment and distress, and (b) different types of victimization showed unique associations with certain disorders. A population-representative sample of 2278 adolescents ( M age =14.55 years, 49.0 % boys) from the Ontario Child Health Study participated in diagnostic interviews to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SoP), specific phobia, and separation anxiety disorder. Adolescents also reported on physical, verbal, relational, and cyber-victimization. Logistic regression models tested associations between victimization and disorders. Relational victimization was independently associated with GAD, SoP, and any anxiety disorder, and verbal victimization was independently associated with GAD and any anxiety disorder. All forms of victimization, including cyber-victimization, were associated with MDD, but none independently predicted after adjusting for other types of victimization. Overall, peer victimization was associated with MDD and anxiety disorders, indicating that this experience is linked to elevated mental health symptoms associated with distress and impairment. No form of victimization was uniquely associated with MDD; however, relational victimization was independently associated with GAD, SoP, and any anxiety disorder, highlighting this experience as a specific, key challenge for adolescents with anxiety disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".