On the frequency variation in load-flow calculations for islanded alternating current microgrids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Load-flow analyses of islanded microgrids often assume constant line admittances evaluated at the grid’s nominal frequency. This paper investigates errors introduced by this assumption and leverages the versatile modified-augmented nodal-analysis (MANA) formulation to propose new algorithms to account for the frequency variation in line admittances in load-flow calculations. The proposed algorithms, namely MANA- Y ( ω ) , BD1-MANA- Y ( ω ) , BD2-MANA- Y ( ω ) , and their hybrid versions, are tested and compared to MANA on a 25-bus microgrid and a 906-bus grid. Simulations under varying loading conditions demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach in terms of solution accuracy, particularly for loadability assessments. For the 25-bus case, the voltage magnitude accuracy improves by up to 5%, and the MANA- Y ( ω ) is particularly effective near the system’s maximum loadability point, enabling convergence up to 13% beyond the MANA-estimated limit. Under moderate loadability conditions, the block-dishonest Newton–Raphson method BD2-MANA- Y ( ω ) emerges as the most computationally efficient among the proposed methods. For the 906-bus grid under critical loading, its computation time is 25% faster than the full MANA- Y ( ω ) method, while maintaining comparable accuracy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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