Total X‐Ray Fluorescence Measurement of Spherical Gold Nanoparticle Uptake by <scp>PC</scp> ‐3 Cells: Dual‐Phase Kinetic Uptake and Modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The literature on the cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is currently limited in long‐term studies (> 10 h) and the applicability of mathematical uptake models to experimental data. Here, the uptake of AuNPs of diameters 5, 10, and 20 nm at concentrations of 10 and 40 μM was measured up to 48 h in PC‐3 cells. Total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy was used for quantification. AuNP uptake was observed to increase with higher extracellular concentration and to have an inverse‐size dependency. Uptake kinetics were fundamentally similar across all conditions, with two plateaus. A new kinetic model of AuNP uptake was developed with two phases of uptake. The second phase had significantly higher uptake than the first. This model fits the experimental data well, with R 2 values ranging from 0.8298 to 0.9876. Rate constants of uptake were found to decrease with AuNP diameter, across both uptake phases. In addition to the insight into NP cellular interactions, this work also showcases the strong capabilities of TXRF as a cellular analysis tool.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".