Lateral-Load-Resisting Systems (LLRSs) in Taller Timber Buildings
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present chapter examines different types of lateral-load-resisting systems (LLRSs) for taller timber buildings (TTBs). The LLRSs are presented with specific reference to their role in the seismic response of TTBs, and have been classified according to the main structural elements composing them. Therefore, timber-framed LLRSs, consisting of one-dimensional members, are first examined, followed by panelised LLRSs, featuring two-dimensional elements; mixed timber-framed and panelised LLRSs are then addressed. Next, hybrid timber-steel and -concrete, as well as volumetric modular LLRSs, are presented. Finally, a separate section is dedicated to the interaction of timber diaphragms with LLRSs in TTBs. Besides a comprehensive literature review, for each LLRS type, relevant examples of buildings realized in practice have been reported. In the final section, based on the analysed research studies from literature, the main future challenges and research directions for an effective, holistic design of LLRSs in TTBs, are addressed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it