Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in modulating bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the influence of proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-4, IL-1RA) cytokines on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim was to clarify their dynamics over time and space and evaluate their potential as clinical biomarkers. Search Strategy: The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses 2020 guidelines. A structured population, intervention, comparator, outcome framework directed the search. Medical Subject Heading terms alongside free-text key words were used in combination with Boolean operators across various databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) from 2000 through 2024. The reference lists of the included studies were examined manually to ensure thoroughness. Citation Sources: Searching electronic databases and conducting manual reference checks resulted in an initial collection of 85 studies of which 14 met the criteria for inclusion. Study Selection Criteria: The studies eligible for inclusion measured cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-1RA, IL-4) in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, or serum throughout orthodontic treatment. No age, sex, or appliance type restrictions were imposed on the participants. Both observational and interventional human studies were considered. Data Elements Included: Data extraction included details such as authorship, methodology, biological fluid examined, cytokines investigated, detection technique (enzymed-linked immunosorbant assay, multiplex assay, polymerase chain reaction), sample size, and key outcomes. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Overall Conclusions: Proinflammatory cytokines showed early peaks after the application of orthodontic force, triggering bone resorption at compression sites. In contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines appeared later, facilitating repair and bone deposition at tension sites. IL-1β levels were positively correlated with the rate of tooth movement, while lower levels of IL-1RA were associated with quicker distal displacement. Although the pooled results from the meta-analysis did not show statistically significant differences, consistent trends supported the regulatory role of cytokines in orthodontic tooth movement. Future investigations should focus on larger, multicenter studies using standardized protocols to confirm the reliability of cytokines as biomarkers for precise orthodontic treatments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.012 | 0.020 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".