Genome-wide characterization of chemosensory receptor genes in octopus and identification of key genes involved in paralarval benthic settlement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The high mortality rate during the benthic settlement process of Octopus sinensis paralarvae represents the primary technical bottleneck constraining the development of its aquaculture industry. The functional roles of chemical factors in this critical transitional phase are unknown. Considering the crucial role of chemosensory receptor genes in chemical factor perception, this study identified three classes of chemosensory receptor genes—Olfactory Receptors (ORs), Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), and Acetylcholine Receptors (ARs)—in both merobenthic species ( O. sinensis , Octopus vulgaris ) and holobenthic species ( Octopus minor , Amphioctopus fangsiao ). The results demonstrated that the number of chemosensory receptor genes identified in all species in this study was comparable. Tissue expression analysis revealed that IRs were widely expressed across multiple olfaction-related organs, while the cephalopod-specific ARs were predominantly expressed in suckers and sucker epithelium. From hatching to adulthood, merobenthic paralarvae exhibited downregulation of nearly half of their chemosensory receptor genes, whereas holobenthic paralarvae showed only about 10 % gene downregulation, reflecting distinct chemosensory receptor expression patterns driven by divergent ecological adaptations between the hatchlings of these two life-history strategies. Based on the analysis of chemosensory receptor gene expression levels at different developmental stages of merobenthic paralarvae, RYamide receptor, Cholecystokinin receptor A (CCKAR), and Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) were identified as potential key chemosensory receptor genes involved in the benthic settlement process. All three genes were functionally linked to feeding regulation, suggesting that chemical factors may regulate paralarval physiological functions related to feeding, thereby helping paralarvae conserve energy while awaiting the maturation of their nervous system and arm functionality, which would facilitate a successful transition to benthic settlement. This study laid a solid foundation for identifying key chemical factors involved in the benthic settlement process, which will contribute to breakthroughs in artificial seedling breeding techniques for O. sinensis and promote the development of its aquaculture industry. • The number of chemosensory receptor genes in merobenthic octopod and holobenthic octopod was conserved. • The cephalopod-specific acetylcholine receptors were predominantly expressed in suckers and sucker epithelium. • From hatching to adulthood, merobenthic and holobenthic octopod showed different chemosensory receptor expression patterns. • Three key chemosensory receptor genes identified in merobenthic octopod were all functionally linked to feeding regulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".