Occlusal features in individuals with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) results from developmental abnormalities or brain lesions that impair movement, posture, and motor function, thereby affecting skeletal development, including craniofacial structures. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate occlusal characteristics in individuals with and without CP. SEARCH METHODS: This systematic review followed Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, and Scopus, with additional screening of Google Scholar and OpenGrey. SELECTION CRITERIA: Observational studies were included, and the risk of bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Meta-analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and prediction intervals. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: Of the 584 records identified, 24 cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk-of-bias assessment revealed concerns related to exposure appraisal, nonrespondent characterization, and study comparability. The meta-analysis indicated that individuals with CP had a higher likelihood of Class II malocclusion (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.49-4.38, k = 18) and open bite (OR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.95-9.37, k = 9). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with CP are at increased risk of developing Class II malocclusion and open bite, possibly due to neuromuscular dysfunctions and extrinsic factors. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both biological and behavioral determinants. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42024551180.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.026 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.015 | 0.034 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".