Does Diet Quality Change from Periconception to 3 years Postpartum? Findings from a Large United States Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about diet quality changes during the transition from periconception to postpartum. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe within-person changes in diet quality and related factors from the periconceptional period to 3 y postpartum in a socioeconomically and geographically diverse cohort of United States pregnant individuals. METHODS: We analyzed data from 4423 participants in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be Heart Health Study, followed from 6 to 13 wk of gestation to ∼3 y postpartum. Usual dietary intake in the 3 mo around conception and the 3 mo before the postpartum visit was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. We calculated the proportion of participants adhering to food group recommendations from the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. For each food group, we estimated the proportion of participants with meaningful increases or decreases (defined as an increase or decrease by ≥20% of the recommended intake) in intake density and determined differences by maternal characteristics. RESULTS: For all food groups, adherence to recommendations was consistently low during both the periconceptional and postpartum periods, with few individuals' diets changing over time. Across food groups, the proportions of participants who improved adherence to recommendations ranged from 4% to 19%, whereas 7%-15% of participants experienced declines in adherence. Although few participants met recommendations, meaningful increases were observed in intake densities of vegetables, protein foods, oils, added sugars, and saturated fats (30%-49%), whereas decreases were common for fruits, grains, dairy, and added sugars (27%-47%). These changes primarily varied according to race and ethnicity and education. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the current food environment and providing sustained, accessible nutritional support that extends into the postpartum period may help individuals of reproductive age meet the dietary guidelines, which is crucial for improving maternal and child health outcomes and reducing related inequities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".