Major histocompatibility complex modulation of <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> and <i>Ranavirus</i> infections in amphibians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Genetic variation in immune genes is an important component of genetic diversity. The genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) provide an excellent model system for studying the mechanisms that generate and maintain genetic diversity in natural populations. While both demographic factors and pathogen-mediated selection processes contribute to the extreme diversity observed in the MHC systems, determining the relative importance of these evolutionary mechanisms has remained challenging. We investigated the role of pathogen-mediated selection in driving MHC diversity in 3 amphibian species: Ichthyosaura alpestris, Pleurodeles waltl, and Pelophilax perezi. Our study examined the relationships between individual MHC diversity, infection status, infection intensity, and co-infection with 2 major amphibian pathogens: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Ranavirus sp. (Rv) in natural populations. Our research demonstrated significant differences in Bd and Rv infection intensities among individuals with varying numbers of MHC loci. However, co-infection showed no discernible influence on infection intensities. We observed stronger associations of specific MHC alleles and supertypes with infection intensity and status in I. alpestris. These findings suggest that, in the context of multi-host infections, MHC genes may provide valuable insights into the evolutionary forces shaping MHC diversity, although the specific effects of individual MHC alleles on disease dynamics are yet to be clarified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".