An experimental investigation of solidification of a Phase Change Material (PCM) in circular enclosures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study involves a detailed characterization of PCM solidification within encapsulations that have a circular cross-section, such as spherical and horizontal cylindrical containers. A quasi-2D cavity was used to emulate the above-mentioned container geometries through symmetry. Rubitherm RT26 was used as the phase change material (PCM). The PCM within the cavity was initially superheated. A constant temperature condition lower than the melting temperature was applied uniformly to the circumferential wall of the cavity via a water jacket. Three experimental measurement techniques were implemented. The first two techniques were used in conjunction to estimate the internal temperature of the PCM and, by extension, the transient temperature fields within the solidifying PCM. These temperature-measuring techniques provided data from a high-resolution grid of thermocouples and a novel technique using an infrared camera. The third technique involved the capture of transient velocity fields within the liquid PCM using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results suggest that substantial kinetic supercooling effects were present under these conditions, which likely affect the solidification process significantly and should not be neglected in numerical models. Also, the results show that the heat transfer was dominantly convection-driven initially, followed by a period of highly transient velocity behavior before the fluid velocities became nearly stagnant relatively early in the process. It was shown that heat transfer occurred mainly by conduction for the majority of the process. • Experimental measurement of freezing PCM in a quasi-2D circular cavity. • Particle image velocimetry was used to capture transient velocity fields. • Temperature fields were characterized using various techniques. • Temperature behavior was explained in the context of flow patterns. • Similarity was shown between the applied cooling conditions tested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".