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Status and performance of mass-produced IceCube Upgrade mDOMs
Satoshi Fukami, Rasha Abbasi, Markus Ackermann, Jenni Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, Juanan Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Shoukat Ali, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, Sofia Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, Rishi Babu, X. Bai, Joe Baines-Holmes, Aswathi Balagopal, Steven W. Barwick, Simeon Bash, Vedant Basu, Ryan Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, Bruno Benkel, S. BenZvi, David Berley, Elisa Bernardini, D. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Lucas Bloom, Summer Blot, Ilya Bodo, Federico Bontempo, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Sebastian BOSER, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Jim Braun, Bennett Brinson, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Ryan T. Burley, Delaney Butterfield, Michael G. Campana, Kiara Carloni, Jose Carpio, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Zheyang Chen, D. Chirkin, Seowon Choi, Brian Clark, Alan Coleman, Peter John Cusack Coleman, Gabriel Collin, Diego Alberto Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Rebecca Corley, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado, Thomas Delmeulle, Shuyang Deng, P. Desiati, Krijn de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Stephen DiKerby, Markus Dittmer, Alba Domi, Lincoln Draper, Lasse Dueser, Daniel Durnford, Kaustav Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, Anna Eimer, P. Eller, Enrico Ellinger, Dominik Elsässer, Ralph Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, Waleed Esmail, Steven Eulig, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Ke Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso García, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, T. Glüsenkamp, Javier González, Sreetama Goswami, Alejandra Granados, Darren Grant, Shannon Gray, Sean Griffin, Spencer Griswold, Kathrine Mørch Groth, David Joseph Guevel, Christoph Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, C. Ha, Christian Haack, Allan Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Leon Hamacher, Martin Ha Minh, Michael Handt, Kael Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, Patrick Hatch, A. Haungs, Jonas Häußler, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, B. L. Henke, Lukas Hennig, Felix Henningsen, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Russell J. Hewett, Nils Heyer, Stephanie Hickford, Attila Hidvégi, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Ramy Hmaid, Kara Hoffman, Dan Hooper, Sam Hori, Kotoyo Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, Wenjie Hou, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Karolin Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, Marc Jacquart, Samyak Jain, Oliver Janik, Matti Jansson, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, N. Kamp, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, Alexander Kappes, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, Albrecht Karle, Akanksha Katil, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, Arifa Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, Hani KimKu, Joanna Kiryluk, Carolin Klein, Yukiho Kobayashi, Alina Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, Jason Koskinen, Paras Koundal, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar, Tanvi Krishnan, Karlijn Kruiswijk, Emmett Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Jiyuan Liao, C. Lin, Yitong Liu, Maria Liubarska, Christy Love, Lu Lü, Francesco Lucarelli, William Luszczak, Yang Lyu, Jim Madsen, Else Magnus, Kendall Mahn, Yuya Makino, Elena Manao, Sarah Mancina, Alicia Mand, Ioana Codrina Maris, Szabolcs Márka, Zsuzsa Márka, Lars Marten, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Jonathan Mauro, Finn Mayhew, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Justin Mitchell, Logan Molchany, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Yasutsugu Morii, Anke Mosbrugger, Marjon Moulai, Despina Mousadi, Emile Moyaux, Tista Mukherjee, Richard Naab, Maxwell Nakos, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Ludwig Neste, Miriam Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, Andreas Noell, Alexander Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, Alex Olivas, Rasmus Ørsøe, Jesse Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, Veronika Palušová, Hershal Pandya, A. Parenti, Nahee Park, V. A. Parrish, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Teresa Pernice, Josh F. Peterson, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, Vaidehi Poojyam, Yuriy Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, Rachel Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, Christoph Raab, John Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, Martin Langgård Ravn, Katherine Rawlins, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Ian Reistroffer, Elisa Resconi, Simeon Reusch, Chang Dong Rho, W. Rhode, Leonardo Ricca, Benedikt Riedel, Adam Rifaie, Ella Roberts, Sally Robertson, Martin Rongen, Aske Rosted, C. Rott, Tim Ruhe, Li Ruohan, Dirk Ryckbosch, Julian Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, Pranav Sampathkumar, Alexander Sandrock, Grace Sanger-Johnson, Marcos Santander, Subir Sarkar, Joelle Savelberg, Marco Scarnera, Patrick Schaile, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, Sebastian Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, Berit Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, Torsten Schmidt, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Sonke Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, Leo Seen, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, S. Seunarine, Per Arne Sevle Myhr, Riya Shah, Shefali Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, Barbara Skrzypek, Robert Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, T. Stezelberger, Timo Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, Andrii Terliuk, Amar Thakuri, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Will Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, Serap Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, Simona Toscano, Delia Tosi, Alexandra Trettin, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, Karriem Upshaw, Arun Vaidyanathan, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Janeth Valverde, J. Vandenbroucke, Thijs van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, Lene van Rootselaar, J. V. Santen, Félix Carbonell, Fahim Varsi, Megha Venugopal, Matthias Vereecken, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, Stef Verpoest, Doğa Veske, Aishwarya Vijai, Joshua Villarreal, C. Walck, Andrew Wang, Elizabeth Warrick, Chris Weaver, Philip Weigel, Andreas Weindl, Jan Weldert, Alex Wen, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, Nathan Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, Dawn Williams, Lucas Witthaus, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Xianwu Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, Yuhua Yao, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, Robert Young, G. B. Yu, Shiqi Yu, Angela Zegarelli, Shuo Zhang, Zelong Zhang, Pavel Zhelnin, Perri Zilberman
Bibliographic record
Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicBluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchMarsden FundJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityChiba UniversityAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftMichigan State UniversityNational Research FoundationUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureEuropean CommissionWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNvidiaMarquette University
KeywordsUpgradeCherenkov radiationRange (aeronautics)PhotonSensitivity (control systems)Cryostat
Abstract
IceCube Upgrade, which will be completed in the beginning of 2026, will enhance the sensitivity of the current IceCube in the GeV range and improve understanding of the ice properties. Around 700 new modules will be deployed deep in the ice along seven strings within a horizontal circle of roughly 100 m in diameter, and most of the modules are spaced 3 m vertically. IceCube Upgrade consists primarily of two types of Cherenkov photon detectors, approximately 280 Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2 (D-Eggs) and 400 multi-PMT Digital Optical Modules (mDOMs). Here, we present the status of production and acceptance testing for mass-produced mDOMs. As of February 2025, the majority of mDOMs have already been produced and tested. After the production, in-module devices, including PMTs, are tested for every module, both in a climate chamber for various temperatures and in a lab for precise measurements using a laser. Each mDOM contains 24 PMTs nearly isotropically distributed to achieve uniform photon sensitivity, making the integration and testing complicated. To reduce the testing time, we have developed parallelized and automated software. As a milestone, all the 128 modules on the first two strings have already been shipped to the South Pole after the testing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.778
Threshold uncertainty score0.207
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.245
Teacher spread0.232 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes