Acute, static, and fluctuating ocean acidification effects on the olfactory system of the yellow shore crab, <i>Hemigrapsus oregonensis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide accelerate ocean acidification (OA), which has been shown to alter olfactory behaviours in marine organisms. Coastal regions currently experience partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( pCO 2 ) greater than end-of-century open ocean predictions with daily and seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, we hypothesized that marine organisms inhabiting the coastal regions are tolerant to the effects of OA. The acute, static, and fluctuating effects of acidification on the olfactory system were investigated in the coastal yellow shore crab ( Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana, 1851)). After exposures, the olfactory behaviour to a food cue, putrescine, was measured, and changes in olfactory sensory receptors and neurons (OSNs) were determined using immunohistochemistry. Crabs took three times longer to locate the odorant and preferred it less after acute (minutes) and long-term (14 days) static exposures to OA. This impairment was correlated with a 16%–30% decrease in olfactory receptor protein (ionotropic receptor 25a (IR25a)) immunoreactivity and a 20% decrease in OSN volume. Crabs exposed to daily fluctuating pCO 2 (7 days) displayed behavioural responses intermediate to crabs in control or static acidification conditions, and showed no changes in IR25a. These results indicate that despite their variable natural environment, yellow shore crabs are affected by acidification, being particularly vulnerable during sustained upwelling events (long-term static high pCO 2 ).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".