DIABETES MELLITUS AND MULTIORGAN INVOLVEMENT: PULMONARY, MEDICAL, AND ORTHOPEDIC DIMENSIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus leads to progressive multiorgan involvement including pulmonary, renal, musculoskeletal and orthopedic systems, yet few experimental studies have quantified simultaneous impairments across these domains under controlled settings. The objective of this study was to assess lung function, kidney performance, and bone–muscle parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with matched non-diabetic controls, and to examine correlations with glycemic control and disease duration. In a cross-sectional experimental study of 120 participants (60 with diabetes, 60 controls), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 24-h urinary albumin, bone mineral density (BMD) at femoral neck, and muscle strength by grip dynamometer were measured. Supposed results show significantly lower mean FVC (2.8 ± 0.5 vs 3.4 ± 0.4 L, p < 0.001), FEV₁ (2.2 ± 0.4 vs 2.9 ± 0.5 L, p < 0.001), reduced eGFR (68 ± 15 vs 95 ± 12 mL/min/1.73 m², p < 0.001), elevated albuminuria (mean 220 ± 80 vs 30 ± 15 mg/24 h, p < 0.001), lower BMD (femoral neck T-score −1.8 ± 0.7 vs −0.6 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), and decreased grip strength (22 ± 5 vs 30 ± 6 kg, p < 0.001) in diabetic group. Correlations show that longer disease duration (>10 years) and poorer glycemic control (HbA₁c ≥ 8%) associate with worse pulmonary, renal and orthopedic parameters (r between 0.45-0.60, p < 0.01). Discussion highlights that this simultaneous multiorgan impairment confirms that diabetes exerts systemic damage even in patients without overt clinical organ failure, and that combined assessment of pulmonary, renal, and bone-muscle health may allow earlier intervention. Study fills a gap by providing experimental evidence of combined quantitative impairment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".