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Record W4414525143 · doi:10.1097/iio.0000000000000585

Conjunctival Melanoma: Current Management

2025· article· en· W4414525143 on OpenAlex
Hatem Krema

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Ophthalmology Clinics · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicOcular Oncology and Treatments
Canadian institutionsPrincess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity of TorontoUniversity Health Network
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMelanomaRadiation therapyOcular MelanomaCryotherapyMetastasisBiopsyCancerImmunotherapy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Conjunctival melanoma is a rare, potentially lethal cancer that mainly affects fair-skinned individuals. The tumor mostly arises from primary acquired melanosis (PAM) with atypia. The presentation of conjunctival melanoma varies and should be clinically differentiated from an array of ocular surface pigmented and nonpigmented lesions. Mutations in the oncogenes BRAF (V600E) and NRAS, and the tumor suppressor gene NF1, are associated with worse survival. UV signature mutations are frequently observed in the bulbar conjunctival melanoma. The TNM staging classifies conjunctival melanoma according to its location and extent. The treatment of conjunctival melanoma depends on tumor staging. Surgical excision of a localized bulbar or forniceal tumor with the no-tumor-touch technique and margin cryotherapy can be sufficient for local control. Adjunctive radiotherapy options include Proton beam radiotherapy, Plaque radiotherapy for ocular surface melanoma, Orthovoltage (Deep x-ray) radiotherapy for palpebral melanoma, and Megavoltage LINAC-based photon radiotherapy can be used for locally invasive and localized orbital extension of conjunctival melanoma. Topical mitomycin-C eye drops are used for diffuse flat melanoma or PAM with severe atypia. Systemic targeted therapy such as BRAF inhibitors for melanoma with BRAF mutation, and systemic immunotherapy drugs have been recently used for more extensive or metastatic disease. Risk factors for metastasis include: greater tumor thickness, non-bulbar location, low tumor pigmentation, histologic ulceration, >1 mitotic figure per mm2, and adjacent structures invasion. Localized tumors should be excised en block, and incisional biopsy should be avoided, which could lead to local widespread tumor dissemination and subsequent recurrence and metastasis.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.297
Threshold uncertainty score0.551

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.031
GPT teacher head0.412
Teacher spread0.381 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it