Late Diagnosis of Prader-Willi Syndrome in an Adolescent With Significant Complications of Type 2 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Youth-onset type 2 diabetes (YO-T2D) is on the rise and disproportionately affects those from low socioeconomic status and specific ethnic and racial minority groups. YO-T2D has a more aggressive phenotype than adult-onset T2D. We present a case of a 14-year-old patient who presented after a fall and was found to be acutely unwell with significant peripheral edema. Initial investigations indicated hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, acute kidney injury, and nephrotic range proteinuria, leading to a new diagnosis of T2D. Subsequent evaluation revealed mild retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. Sixteen months prior, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was > 16% (reference range, ≤ 6.0%) with no treatment initiated at that time. The patient was initially treated with multiple daily insulin injections prior to starting empagliflozin-metformin. The presence of developmental delays, short stature, and hypogonadism prompted genetic testing, which confirmed a diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with hyperphagia and early-onset obesity. This case underscored the severity of YO-T2D, risks of delayed healthcare access, and considerations for optimal diabetes management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".