Record W4414530661 · doi:10.22323/1.501.0837

Improved Gamma-Hadron Separation for PeV Photon Searches with IceCube

2025· article· en· W4414530661 on OpenAlexfundno aff

Frank Schröder, Rasha Abbasi, Markus Ackermann, Jenni Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, Juanan Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Shoukat Ali, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, Sofia Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, Rishi Babu, X. Bai, Joe Baines-Holmes, Aswathi Balagopal V., Steven W. Barwick, Simeon Bash, Vedant Basu, Ryan Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, Bruno Benkel, S. BenZvi, David Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Lucas Bloom, Summer Blot, Ilya Bodo, Federico Bontempo, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Sebastian BOSER, Olga Botner, J. Böttcher, Jim Braun, Bennett Brinson, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Ryan T. Burley, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, Kiara Carloni, Jose Carpio, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Zheyang Chen, D. Chirkin, Seowon Choi, Brian Clark, Alan Coleman, Peter John Cusack Coleman, Gabriel Collin, Diego Alberto Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Rebecca Corley, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado, Thomas Delmeulle, Shuyang Deng, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, Gwenhaël de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Stephen DiKerby, Markus Dittmer, Alba Domi, Lincoln Draper, Lasse Dueser, Daniel Durnford, Kaustav Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, Anna Eimer, P. Eller, Enrico Ellinger, Dominik Elsässer, Ralph Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, Waleed Esmail, Steven Eulig, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Ke Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Satoshi Fukami, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, T. Glüsenkamp, Javier González, Sreetama Goswami, Alejandra Granados, Darren Grant, Shannon Gray, S. Griffin, Spencer Griswold, Kathrine Mørch Groth, David Joseph Guevel, Christoph Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, C. Ha, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Leon Hamacher, Martin Ha Minh, Michael Handt, K. Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, Patrick Hatch, A. Haungs, Jonas Häußler, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, B. L. Henke, Lukas Hennig, Felix Henningsen, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Nils Heyer, Stephanie Hickford, Attila Hidvégi, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Ramy Hmaid, Kara Hoffman, Dan Hooper, Sam Hori, Kotoyo Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, Wenjie Hou, Thomas S. Huber, K. Hultqvist, Karolin Hymon, Aya Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, Marc Jacquart, Samyak Jain, Oliver Janik, Matti Jansson, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, N. Kamp, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, Alexander Kappes, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, Akanksha Katil, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, Arifa Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, Hani KimKu, J. Kiryluk, Carolin Klein, Yukiho Kobayashi, Alina Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar, Tanvi Krishnan, Karlijn Kruiswijk, Emmett Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, Michael J Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Jiyuan Liao, Chun Lin, Yitong Liu, Maria Liubarska, Christy Love, Lu Lü, Francesco Lucarelli, William Luszczak, Yang Lyu, Jim Madsen, Else Magnus, Kendall Mahn, Yuya Makino, Elena Manao, Sarah Mancina, Alicia Mand, Ioana Codrina Maris, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, Lars Marten, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Jonathan Mauro, Finn Mayhew, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Martínez-Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Justin Mitchell, Logan Molchany, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Yasutsugu Morii, Anke Mosbrugger, Marjon Moulai, Despina Mousadi, Emile Moyaux, Tista Mukherjee, Richard Naab, Maxwell Nakos, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Ludwig Neste, Miriam Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, Andreas Noell, Alexander Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, Alex Olivas, Rasmus Ørsøe, Jesse Osborn, Erin O'Sullivan, Veronika Palušová, Hershal Pandya, A. Parenti, Nahee Park, V. A. Parrish, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Teresa Pernice, Josh F. Peterson, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, V. Poojyam, Yuriy Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, Rachel Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, Christoph Raab, John Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, Martin Langgård Ravn, Katherine Rawlins, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Ian Reistroffer, Elisa Resconi, Simeon Reusch, Chang Dong Rho, W. Rhode, Leonardo Ricca, Benedikt Riedel, Adam Rifaie, Ella Roberts, Sally Robertson, Martin Rongen, Aske Rosted, C. Rott, Tim Ruhe, Li Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, Julian Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, Pranav Sampathkumar, Alexander Sandrock, Grace Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, Joelle Savelberg, Marco Scarnera, Patrick Schaile, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, Sebastian Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, Berit Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, Torsten Schmidt, L. Schumacher, Sonke Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, Leo Seen, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, S. Seunarine, Per Arne Sevle Myhr, Riya Shah, Shefali Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, Barbara Skrzypek, Robert Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, T. Stezelberger, Timo Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, Andrii Terliuk, Amar Thakuri, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Will Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, Serap Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, S. Toscano, Delia Tosi, Alexandra Trettin, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, Karriem Upshaw, Arun Vaidyanathan, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Janeth Valverde, Justin Vandenbroucke, Thijs van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, Lene van Rootselaar, Jakob van Santen, Félix Carbonell, Fahim Varsi, Megha Venugopal, Matthias Vereecken, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, Stef Verpoest, Doğa Veske, Aishwarya Vijai, Joshua Villarreal, C. Walck, Andrew Wang, Elizabeth Warrick, Chris Weaver, Philip Weigel, Andreas Weindl, Jan Weldert, Alex Wen, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, Dawn Williams, Lucas Witthaus, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Xianwu Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, Yuhua Yao, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, Robert A. Young, G. B. Yu, Shiqi Yu, Angela Zegarelli, Shuo Zhang, Zelong Zhang, Pavel Zhelnin, Perri Zilberman

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available

Typearticle

Languageen

FieldPhysics and Astronomy

TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena

Canadian institutionsnot available

FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaChiba UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftMichigan State UniversityNational Research FoundationUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureEuropean CommissionWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNvidiaMarquette University

KeywordsRange (aeronautics)DetectorObservatoryPhotonMuonHadronEnergy (signal processing)Neutrino

DOI10.22323/1.501.0837

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

IceTop, the km$^2$ surface array of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, is sensitive to air showers of all primary particles, including gamma rays. In particular, in the PeV energy range, the combination of IceTop and IceCube’s deep optical detector provides excellent gamma-hadron separation. Almost all air showers induced by cosmic-ray protons and heavier nuclei in this energy range contain high-energy muons detectable by the deep detector, while most photon-induced air showers do not. Therefore, IceCube’s deep detector can be used to strongly suppress hadronic background in photon searches. Furthermore, the lateral distribution of the air-shower signal in IceTop provides additional gamma-hadron separation. In the PeV energy range, the gamma-hadron separation achieved is better than $10^{-3}$: air-shower events measured with IceCube are suppressed more than $1000$ times stronger than photon-induced showers of the same energy simulated with Sibyll 2.3d. This improved gamma-hadron separation in combination with an extension of the energy range to lower energies provides discovery potential for future searches for PeV photon sources in IceCube’s field of view.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001

metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002

Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated

Candidate categoriesnone

Consensus categoriesnone

DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none

Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental

GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical

Teacher disagreement score0.004

Threshold uncertainty score0.013

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

Category	Codex	Gemma
Metaresearch	0.001	0.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)	0.001	0.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)	0.001	0.001
Bibliometrics	0.001	0.001
Science and technology studies	0.000	0.000
Scholarly communication	0.002	0.001
Open science	0.001	0.002
Research integrity	0.000	0.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)	0.004	0.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.010

GPT teacher head0.263

Teacher spread0.254 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work

Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.

Study designBench or experimental

Domainnot available

GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0

Published2025

Admission routes1

Has abstractyes

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