The effects of metabolic and functional traits on bud opening: Comparing warming and defoliation in conifers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Developing buds are crucial carbon sinks that require nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) for growth. However, the trade-off between carbon production in the older internodes and the demand in the growing internodes for bud opening remains unknown. Here, we determined how NSCs and functional traits influence bud phenology in the saplings of 2 conifer species. To manipulate both source and sink, saplings of balsam fir (Abies balsamea, L. Mill) and black spruce (Picea mariana B.S.P. (Mill.) were exposed to 2 simultaneous treatments: warming (+2 °C) and defoliation. Balsam fir, the species with earlier phenology, exhibited greater shoot volume and specific leaf area, promoting water and carbon acquisition for primary growth. Heating led to an earlier phenology but did not affect the leaf traits for both species. Defoliation also led to an earlier phenology, mostly because of the decreased growing sink, with fewer needles and smaller specific leaf area needed for growth. Starch and sucrose levels in older needles and growing buds decreased under defoliation, but the sugar alcohol D-pinitol remained unchanged. Heating increased the D-pinitol concentration in the growing buds (+17%) compared to ambient conditions. Under warming, a high D-pinitol concentration in buds can act as a carbon sink in the vacuole, maintaining or increasing water absorption, and thus, resulting in faster needle expansion and bud opening. These data demonstrate that different physiological mechanisms explain earlier bud opening under defoliation and warming. Additional studies are needed to disentangle the roles of leaf traits and carbon allocation in regulating phenology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".