Effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of an infused non-crimp fabric glass fiber-reinforced reactive thermoplastic
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced reactive thermoplastic composites have emerged as promising candidates for primary load-bearing structures such as wind turbine blades, where extremely low service temperatures place significant demands on structural integrity. While the effect of low temperature on the behaviour of epoxy-based composites has been previously studied, analogous investigations of reactive thermoplastic composites and comparisons between material systems remain limited. In this work, the mechanical performance and failure characteristics of vacuum-infused unidirectional non-crimp glass fiber/reactive thermoplastic composites (NCF-GF/acrylic) were investigated and compared with epoxy-based counterparts (NCF-GF/epoxy) at room and low temperatures (i.e., −50 °C) under different tensile and shear loading modes. Both materials exhibited nearly linear elastic longitudinal tensile behaivour, with strength increasing 8–9 % and failure characterized by greater tow splitting crack density at low temperature (LT). Both materials also showed a pronounced nonlinear transverse tensile response, with strain at failure increasing by approximately 50 % at LT, mainly due to an increased density of tow cracks. The NCF-GF/acrylic exhibited increased supporting fiber yarn splitting/breakage and reduced fiber tow bridging at LT, distinct from NCF-GF/epoxy. Both materials exhibited a notable reduction in nonlinear shear response, accompanied by increases in shear strength and modulus of approximately 24 % and 51 % for the NCF-GF/acrylic and 45 % and 35 % for the NCF-GF/epoxy, respectively, with the NCF-GF/acrylic once again transitioning from ductile to brittle failure. This study provides the first understandings into the LT behaviour of reactive thermoplastic-based composites under various loading modes, offering guidance for optimizing performance in extreme environments. • Non-crimp fabric glass fiber reactive thermoplastic composite fabricated by resin infusion process. • Low-temperature deformation response and failure characteristics benchmarked against equivalent epoxy-based composite. • Enhanced fiber tow splitting at low temperature preceded longitudinal tensile failure. • Low-temp. transverse failure characterized by notable supporting fiber pull-out, contributing to higher failure strain. • TP- and epoxy-based materials exhibit similar tensile/shear response, but distinct failure mechanisms and low temp. effects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it