Phosphorus–Nitrogen Synergistic Flame-Retardant Cellulose Nanofibers from a Reactive Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Containing Guanidine Phosphate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phosphorylation is considered one of the most effective strategies for enhancing the flame retardancy of cellulose materials. Herein, a pretreatment based on a reactive deep eutectic solvent (RDES) containing guanidine phosphate was developed and used for facilitating cellulose nanofibrillation and synthesizing phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers (P-CNFs) with superior phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame-retardancy properties and extremely small average diameter (≈3 nm), eliminating external flame retardants. Compared with unmodified softwood pulp, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-CNFs were reduced by 87.2% and 75.3%, respectively. Moreover, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of P-CNFs increased to 62.7%. The fabricated P-CNF films exhibited remarkable self-extinguishing behavior and demonstrated outstanding mechanical properties, (maximum tensile strength >188 MPa) and exceptional optical transparency (visible light transmittance >90%). This study presents an innovative and efficient strategy for the development of ecofriendly and flame-retardant nanocellulose materials with enhanced mechanical properties, demonstrating significant potential for fire-safe flexible electronics and transparent coatings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".