Effect Of Individual Vs Group Cognitive Therapy On Functional Independence In Parkinson’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor (rigidity, tremor, gait problems) and non-motor symptoms (depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment) that have a significant impact on quality of life. While dopaminergic medications help with motor deficits, non-motor symptoms are more difficult to manage. Aaron T. Beck developed Cognitive Therapy (CT), which is an organized, time-limited treatment that addresses dysfunctional thought habits. Evidence suggests that CT lowers depressive symptoms, negative thoughts, and stress reactivity while increasing positive affect and coping. Recent trials and meta-analyses have shown that CT is useful in Parkinson's disease, improving emotional well-being, cognitive performance, and overall quality of life. Thus, CT is a significant tool in the overall care of Parkinson's disease. Objective: 1.Assess the effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy (CT) in improving cognitive function, in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). 2.Compare the results of individual and group cognitive therapy to evaluate whether technique is more helpful in treating the cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease. 3.Evaluate the feasibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of individual versus group cognitive therapy (CT) for controlling Parkinson's nonmotor symptoms. Methods: Thirty PD patients were divided into two groups (n=15 each). Group A received individual cognitive therapy, while Group B underwent group-based cognitive therapy for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Outcome measures included Barthel Index, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), assessed pre- and post-intervention. Result: Both groups demonstrated significant improvement. The Barthel Index improved by 18% in Group A and 25% in Group B. MoCA scores improved by 22% in Group A and 19% in Group B. PDQ-39 scores showed 15% improvement in Group A and 28% in Group B. Conclusion: Both individual and group cognitive therapy are effective in improving functional independence in PD. However, group therapy demonstrated superior outcomes in quality of life and daily functioning, while individual therapy showed slightly better cognitive improvement. A combined approach may be most beneficial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".