Validation of the Hong Kong version of Abe’s behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia score among care home residents with dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To translate and validate the Hong Kong version of Abe's behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) score (HK-ABS) and examine its psychometric properties among older adults with dementia in Hong Kong care homes, and to examine correlations among BPSD items, patient and caregiver characteristics, and caregiver distress.Methods: The content validity of the HK-ABS was assessed by a panel of three psychiatrists, one psychiatric nurse, one occupational therapist, and one medical social worker.Concurrent and discriminant validity of the HK-ABS were assessed using the Chinese or Hong Kong version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home (CNPI-NH), the Disability Assessment for Dementia, the Clinical Dementia Rating, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability were determined.Exploratory factor analysis examined possible constructs by principal component analysis with varimax rotation.Factor extraction was based on Kaiser's eigenvalue criterion.Correlations between the HK-ABS and characteristics of patients and staff caregivers were examined.Results: In total, 109 pairs of patients with major neurocognitive disorder and staff caregivers in care homes were included in the analysis.The median time to complete the HK-ABS was 70 seconds.The median HK-ABS score was 4. Internal consistency of the HK-ABS was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.787); item-total correlations (excluding 'apathy and indifference') ranged from 0.337 to 0.653.The test-retest reliability (r s = 0.981, p = 0.168) and inter-rater reliability (r s = 0.987, p = 0.414) of the HK-ABS was excellent.For concurrent validity, the HK-ABS was highly correlated with the CNPI-NH (r s = 0.857, p < 0.001).For discriminant validity, the HK-ABS was not correlated with the Chinese or Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r s = 0.103), the Disability Assessment for Dementia (r s = -0.039),or the Clinical Dementia Rating (r s = 0.067).In exploratory factor analysis, all items achieved factor loadings of >0.4.Three factors explained 70% of the variance.The HK-ABS was negatively correlated with work experience (r s = -0.254,p = 0.008) and positively correlated with the length of hospital stay in the previous year (r s = 0.193, p = 0.044) and the CNPI-NH occupational disruptive score (r s = 0.759, p < 0.001). Conclusion:The HK-ABS is a valid and reliable global assessment tool of BPSD for residential care settings and clinical communication.It may be used to identify caregiver distress to allow for early intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".