Validation of the Hong Kong version of Abe’s behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia score among care home residents with dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To translate and validate the Hong Kong version of Abe's behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) score (HK-ABS) and examine its psychometric properties among older adults with dementia in Hong Kong care homes, and to examine correlations among BPSD items, patient and caregiver characteristics, and caregiver distress.Methods: The content validity of the HK-ABS was assessed by a panel of three psychiatrists, one psychiatric nurse, one occupational therapist, and one medical social worker.Concurrent and discriminant validity of the HK-ABS were assessed using the Chinese or Hong Kong version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home (CNPI-NH), the Disability Assessment for Dementia, the Clinical Dementia Rating, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability were determined.Exploratory factor analysis examined possible constructs by principal component analysis with varimax rotation.Factor extraction was based on Kaiser's eigenvalue criterion.Correlations between the HK-ABS and characteristics of patients and staff caregivers were examined.Results: In total, 109 pairs of patients with major neurocognitive disorder and staff caregivers in care homes were included in the analysis.The median time to complete the HK-ABS was 70 seconds.The median HK-ABS score was 4. Internal consistency of the HK-ABS was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.787); item-total correlations (excluding 'apathy and indifference') ranged from 0.337 to 0.653.The test-retest reliability (r s = 0.981, p = 0.168) and inter-rater reliability (r s = 0.987, p = 0.414) of the HK-ABS was excellent.For concurrent validity, the HK-ABS was highly correlated with the CNPI-NH (r s = 0.857, p < 0.001).For discriminant validity, the HK-ABS was not correlated with the Chinese or Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (r s = 0.103), the Disability Assessment for Dementia (r s = -0.039),or the Clinical Dementia Rating (r s = 0.067).In exploratory factor analysis, all items achieved factor loadings of >0.4.Three factors explained 70% of the variance.The HK-ABS was negatively correlated with work experience (r s = -0.254,p = 0.008) and positively correlated with the length of hospital stay in the previous year (r s = 0.193, p = 0.044) and the CNPI-NH occupational disruptive score (r s = 0.759, p < 0.001). Conclusion:The HK-ABS is a valid and reliable global assessment tool of BPSD for residential care settings and clinical communication.It may be used to identify caregiver distress to allow for early intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".