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Record W4414594327 · doi:10.11647/obp.0490.04

4. Voting with many alternatives

2025· book-chapter· en· W4414594327 on OpenAlexaff
Martin J. Osborne

Bibliographic record

VenueOpen Book Publishers · 2025
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicGame Theory and Voting Systems
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsVotingAnti-plurality votingApproval votingCondorcet methodCardinal voting systemsProbabilistic logicPopulationSet (abstract data type)Stochastic game

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

One mechanism a group of individuals may use to select an alternative from a set of many alternatives is plurality rule: each individual votes for a single alternative, and the winner is the alternative that receives the most votes (or the set of alternatives that receive the most votes, in the case of a tie). If voting is costless, each individual's voting for her least-favored alternative is dominated, but voting for any other alternative is not dominated. An equilibrium exists in which no individual's vote is weakly dominated. If the set of alternatives is an interval of numbers and the individuals' payoff functions are strictly concave, in an equilibrium at most two alternatives tie for winner; every alternative is possible in an equilibrium. In a simple model of "divided majority" with three alternatives, a majority of individuals rank alternatives a and b above c, but disagree about whether a is better or worse than b. In a model in which each individual knows her own preferences and has probabilistic beliefs about the other individuals' preferences, whether in equilibria in a large population the majority succeeds in coordinating to defeat c depends on the precise nature of the uncertainty.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Scholarly communication, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.864
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0020.002
Open science0.0020.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.036
GPT teacher head0.229
Teacher spread0.193 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreOther

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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