Women in Peacekeeping Missions: Examining the Impact of Gender Participation on Defense Diplomacy and Confidence-Building in the ASEAN Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the expanding role of women in peacekeeping operations within the ASEAN region and their contributions to defense diplomacy and confidence-building measures (CBMs). Situated within the global Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, the integration of gender perspectives in peacekeeping enhances the legitimacy, effectiveness, and sustainability of missions. Anchored in feminist security theory and the defense diplomacy framework, the research analyzes empirical evidence from Indonesia, the Philippines, and Cambodia—three ASEAN member states that have increased female deployment in UN and regional peacekeeping initiatives. Employing qualitative case studies and policy document analysis, the findings demonstrate that female peacekeepers strengthen defense diplomacy by fostering interpersonal engagement, cross-cultural communication, and community-level trust-building. They positively influence local perceptions of security forces, improve access to vulnerable populations, and support post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation processes. Nevertheless, persistent institutional and cultural barriers, including tokenism, limited leadership opportunities, and inadequate gender-sensitive training, constrain the full potential of women’s participation. The study concludes that mainstreaming gender perspectives in defense institutions, expanding capacity-building initiatives, and promoting regionally coherent ASEAN policies for inclusive peacekeeping are essential steps forward. The findings affirm that meaningful participation of women in peacekeeping is both a moral imperative and a strategic necessity for advancing regional peace, stability, and cooperation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".