Oxidizer Effects on the Near-Ground Explosion Performance of HMX-Based Thermobaric Explosives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of oxidizers on the near-ground explosion performance of HMX-based thermobaric explosives (charges’ mass of 500 g) are studied by means of experiments and numerical calculations. The trajectory of the Mach triple point motion shows that its height dramatically increases above the incidence angle of $$70^{\circ}$$ . The Mach stem exceeds the height of the explosion centre at a distance greater than 3.6 m. The experimental results show that the temperature distribution on the fireball surface is asymmetrical, and the temperature of the upper fireball is higher than that of the lower fireball. The peak temperature of the thermobaric explosive is higher than 2400 K, and the fireball temperature is above 400 K for nearly 1000 ms. The oxidizers, i.e., potassium perchlorate and Fe $${}_{2}$$ O $${}_{3}$$ slightly enhance the overpressure of the incident wave and significantly prolong the barotropic duration. In addition, potassium perchlorate can quickly participate in the afterburning reaction, while polytetrafluoroethylene is less efficient. The energy released by the thermite reaction of Fe $${}_{2}$$ O $${}_{3}$$ contributes to the maintenance of temperature, especially the late fireball temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".