A universal method for in situ control of stoichiometry and termination of epitaxial perovskite films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
structure serves as the foundation for diverse functional and quantum materials, yet its applications are hindered by challenges in control of film stoichiometry and the precise construction of interfaces, particularly compared to conventional semiconductors. While a layer-by-layer growth mode is frequently cited, we demonstrate that many transition-metal perovskite oxides self-assemble via an energetically favorable layer-inversion mechanism. This phenomenon can be strategically exploited to fine-tune stoichiometry and surface termination at any point during growth. Layer inversion produces consistent behavior in electron diffraction rocking curves and diffracted-beam intensity oscillations during alternating A- and B-site shuttered growth across various polar and nonpolar surfaces. We introduce a model that accurately interprets these oscillations, enabling an entirely in situ method for precise relative and absolute calibration of multielemental A- and B-site fluxes at the percent level. This approach is successfully applied to the growth of a single-phase high-entropy oxide film.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".