Comparative Evaluation of Ultrasonic, High Pressure, and Pulsed Electric Field Processing on the Extraction and Storage Stability of Betalains From Red Beet By‐Products
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the potential of red beet peel (RBP) and red beet stalk (RBS), often underutilized by-products, as rich sources of natural pigments and bioactive compounds. Three non-thermal green extraction methods, namely, high-pressure processing, ultrasound, and pulsed electric field treatment, were evaluated for their efficiency in extracting betalains, total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (AOX). Among these, sonication at 300 W for 10 min proved most effective for both RBP and RBS, yielding the highest concentrations of bioactives. Crucially, this work goes beyond conventional yield assessments by addressing the post-extraction storage stability of these compounds over 120 days under refrigeration. Kinetic modeling revealed that betalains and phenolics degraded following first-order kinetics, whereas AOX increased over time and followed a zero-order model. Sonicated samples demonstrated superior pigment stability, with betaxanthins more stable than betacyanins. This study highlights the importance of integrating degradation kinetics with extraction optimization and offers a novel perspective on the valorization of red beet by-products. The findings are particularly relevant for food and nutraceutical industries seeking to develop shelf-stable, functional plant-based ingredients.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it