Exploring associations between diet and levels of anxiety and depression symptoms in early pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Pregnancy is frequently accompanied by considerable psychological distress, which may impact diet. However, this association remains insufficiently investigated. Purpose The objective was to explore associations between levels of anxiety and depression symptoms and diet quality and dietary intakes. The secondary objective was to compare diet quality and dietary intakes between pregnant individuals with high and low levels of anxiety or depression symptoms. Methods In the first trimester (11–14 weeks of pregnancy), 29 pregnant individuals were recruited through email outreach and posters displayed in hospitals and research centers in the province of Quebec. Participants completed three Web-based 24 h dietary recalls, from which the Healthy Eating Food Index (HEFI-2019), an overall diet quality score, and total dietary intakes were derived. The Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI) questionnaire was also completed. Participants were categorized according to levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, based on a clinically relevant threshold of PSI ≥20 (high) and PSI <20 (low). Spearman correlations and independent samples t-tests were conducted. Results Higher levels of anxiety symptoms were associated with a lower percentage of energy from fat ( r =-0.41, p = 0.03), a higher percentage of energy from carbohydrates ( r = 0.42, p = 0.02), and greater total sugar intake ( r = 0.44, p = 0.02). Additionally, higher intakes of free sugars were positively associated with both higher levels of depression ( r = 0.38, p = 0.04) and anxiety ( r = 0.44, p = 0.02) symptoms. Participants in the high anxiety and depression groups had similar total HEFI-2019 score compared to the low anxiety and depression groups, except for the free sugars component, which was lower for participants in the high depression (Δ -1.9 pts, p = 0.04) and high anxiety (Δ -1.9 pts; p = 0.03) groups. Conclusion Psychological distress was associated with free and/or total sugars consumption during pregnancy, highlighting a potential target for nutritional interventions. However, confirmation in a larger, more diverse sample to assess clinical significance is needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".