Neutrophilic asthma may not be a distinct endotype
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extract Heterogeneity in asthma is well recognised, with established airway inflammatory endotypes that aim to characterise underlying pathobiological mechanisms driving clinical outcomes [1]. Sputum cytometry subdivides airway inflammatory phenotypes into eosinophilic, neutrophilic, mixed granulocytic and pauci-granulocytic [2]. Although there has been significant advancement in the treatment of asthma patients with a type 2 (T2) high signature (defined based on systemic biomarkers including elevated blood eosinophils (>300 per μL), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (>50 ppb) or immunoglobulin E (>30 IU·mL−1)), limited treatment options are available for patients with a T2-low endotype (defined largely based on absence of systemic T2 biomarkers). This may be due to an imprecise definition of the T2-low endotype, which in most cases does not encompass airway eosinophilia (<2%), whether the eosinophilia is controlled by inhaled corticosteroids [3], or the presence of free eosinophil granules [4] or eosinophil proteins in airway macrophages [5].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".