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Record W4414639553 · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7933-1_2

Cities in a Changing World

2025· book-chapter· en· W4414639553 on OpenAlex
Daniel Hoornweg

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueAdvances in 21st century human settlements · 2025
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicRegional Economics and Spatial Analysis
Canadian institutionsOntario Tech University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsUrban agglomerationPopulationChinaMegacityWorld populationScale (ratio)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

In 1921, Canada was one of the first countries to reach the half-urban milestone. The rest of the world, combined, did not reach 50% urban until more than 85 years later in 2008. In the 1920s, global population surpassed 2 billion. One hundred years later, the population had quadrupled to more than 8 billion. For the last 100 years, the world’s attention was often on the emergence of more than 75 new countries. Geopolitical tensions were intense at times, leaving cities somewhat overlooked. Yet, they led global wealth and waste generation, which increased more than tenfold as the world urbanized. Cities, especially Canadian cities, drove this Great Acceleration largely through their ability to scale. A city that doubles in size more than doubles wealth, energy use, and waste generation. The increase is superlinear (~ 1.15). That same city that doubles in size can also do so with less than twice the infrastructure costs. Infrastructure costs increase sublinearly (~ 0.85). Countries and businesses do not benefit from this scaling superpower. As cities scale, they evolve into large urban agglomerations with complex adaptive systems that behave uncannily like natural systems. Cities can benefit by applying the contributions of two key researchers: Dana Meadows and her places to intervene in a (urban) system, and Elinor Ostrom’s the city as commons.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.720
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0050.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.022
GPT teacher head0.244
Teacher spread0.222 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it