Genome-wide characterization and expression divergence of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in response to abiotic stresses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are proteins present at the outer membrane of mitochondria that are involved in stress response, such as drought and salt, signal transduction, and cellular metabolism. The role of the VDAC gene family in other crops has been identified, but its role in cotton has been uncharacterized. In this study, a genome-wide study was conducted in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) under drought and salt stresses. We identified 18 GhVDAC genes and mapped them using the MG2C online tool. The random distribution of GhVDAC genes was determined using the GSDS server for their intron-exon structure. Phylogenetic analysis using MEGA. 11 software constructed the phylogenetic tree by the maximum likelihood method of 14 different species with 66 VDAC genes, which were distributed across four clades. All p. patens VDAC genes were present in a single clade, and 10 GhVDAC genes were found in clade IV. Ten motifs were identified, and motif 9 was absent in GhVDAC3, GhVDAC9, GhVDAC10, GhVDAC11, and GhVDAC18. Motif 10 was present in only two genes, GhVDAC5 and GhVDAC14. Promoter analysis revealed cis-elements involved in hormone and stress response. Synteny and circos analysis revealed orthologous gene duplication events and evolutionary relationships. In-silico expression mapping was used to identify candidate genes, and then qRT-PCR was done for validation of GhVDAC6, GhVDAC11, GhVDAC13, and GhVDAC15 genes. In conclusion, this is a genome-wide study on the VDAC gene family in cotton under drought and salt stress that provides insights into their structure, evolutionary relationship, and molecular mechanism, and this study lays the theoretical foundation for future breeding programs to develop resistant crops for drought and salt stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".