Revision of the African geometrid genus <i>Zerenopsis<i> C. &. R. Felder – moths with peculiar life histories and mating behaviours (Geometridae: Ennominae: Diptychini)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The taxonomy of the African geometrid genus Zerenopsis C. &. R. Felder, 1874, placed in the subfamily Ennominae and tribe Diptychini (cycad moths), is revised. Based on a detailed comparison of morphological characters, Diptychis C. &. R. Felder, 1874 and Paraptychodes Warren, 1894 are placed as junior subjective synonyms of Zerenopsis C. &. R. Felder, 1874 (syn. n.). Consequently, five new species combinations (comb. n.) are proposed: Zerenopsis geometrina (C. &. R. Felder, 1874), Zerenopsis meraca (Prout, 1928), Zerenopsis kedar (Druce, 1896), Zerenopsis tenuis (Butler, 1878) and Zerenopsis costimaculata (Prout, 1913). Two new species are described: Zerenopsis moi Staude & Sihvonen (sp. n.) from Mozambique and Zerenopsis flavimaculata Staude & Sihvonen (sp. n.) from Malawi, raising the total number of species in the genus Zerenopsis from one to eight. The constituent species are diagnosable by morphological characters, particularly by facies and genetic COI data, whereas the male and female genitalia are rather uniform and less diagnostic. The life histories of Z. lepida (Walker, 1854), Z. moi and Z. costimaculata and the final-instar larvae of Z. geometrina and Z. tenuis are described. All known larvae are aposematic, feed on cycads during the early stages of their life cycle and accept other, unrelated plants in later instars. Zerenopsis adults are aposematic and diurnal. Lek behaviour is described for Z. lepida, Z. tenuis and Z. moi, and evidence is presented that it also occurs in other Zerenopsis species. This mating strategy is potentially unique among Geometridae. The androconial organs of the males are described and illustrated as forming a ‘pheromone pocket’ whose development is related to the lek behaviour. Information on habitat, distribution, conservation status and genetics is provided for the majority of the species. Diagnostic characters of the adults, including of the male and female genitalia where known, are described for all species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".