The effect of an empowerment program on pain control and self-efficacy in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty in Iran: a quasi-experimental study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis significantly limits mobility and increases pain in patients. Pain self-efficacy, a crucial psychological construct, is essential for optimal recovery outcomes. This study,grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory and Linton's cognitive-behavioral model, evaluated the effectiveness of an empowerment program on pain intensity indices and self-efficacy in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was employed. Ninety-eight patients were recruited via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to intervention (n=49) or control (n=49) groups. The intervention group received six structured sessions (one preoperative, five postoperative) including education on pain management, coping strategies, and goal setting, in addition to routine care. Pain intensity was assessed using the Short McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Present Pain Intensity (PPI) index, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), while Pain self-efficacy was measured with the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). Evaluations were conducted at baseline (preoperatively) and six weeks postoperatively. Demographic (age, sex, education), medical (BMI), and theory-related variables were collected. Analysis of covariance, adjusting for confounders, was used to compare outcomes, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Among 98 participants (predominantly women; mean age 62.72 years, mean BMI 29.77, limited formal education), no significant baseline differences existed between groups. Post-intervention, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater pain reduction: sensory-affective pain (MD = 1.8, 95% CI [-3.86 to -0.96], p = 0.015), Present Pain Intensity (0.62, [-1.04 to -0.18], p = 0.023), and Visual Analogue Scale scores (1.57, [-2.12 to -1.01], p < 0.001). Pain self-efficacy increased significantly (9.81, [0.71 to 1.24], p < 0.001). Analysis of covariance confirmed intervention effectiveness after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The empowerment program proved effective as an interactive, applicable, and non-invasive approach for enhancing pain management and self-efficacy in total knee arthroplasty patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".