Association of Hypertension and Related Factors with Cognitive Performance in an Elderly Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This cross-sectional, analytical study to see the association of hypertension and its related factors with the cognitive performance of elderly people in an urban setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh, was conducted between January and December of 2016. A convenient sampling technique was adopted. A total of 189 elderly people (118 male and 71 female) were included in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was first developed in English and then translated into Bangla. The questionnaire contained questions related to socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and their cognitive functions, as determined by using Mini Mental state Examination (MMSE), hypertension-related information including its medication, any comorbidities, e.g., diabetes mellitus, and family history. Socio-demographic data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was applied to assess association of qualitative data. The age of the respondents ranged from 60 to 90 years. The mean age was 67.8±6.26 years. Higher proportion of male (37.3%) and female participants (36.6%) were in 60-64 years age group, while the lower proportion in ≥75 years age group (male 12.7% and female 14.1%). Strong associations were observed between hypertension and cognitive performance as well as between intake of prescribed anti-hypertensive drugs and cognitive performance (p<0.001). However, no association was found between diabetes mellitus and cognitive performance (p>0.05). Among different anti-hypertensive drugs users, only patients having calcium channel blockers showed association with their cognitive performance (p<0.05). We also observed association between family history of hypertension and cognitive performance (p<0.05). However, no relationship of cognitive performance of the elderly people were found with their family history of diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular stroke and ischemic heart disease (p>0.05). Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2021; 14(1): 12-19
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".