Longitudinal changes in cognitive function and its related factors in older type 1 diabetes mellitus patients without dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: This study aimed to assess the longitudinal changes in cognitive function and associated factors in older patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Older patients above 65 years of age with type 1 diabetes mellitus and without dementia were included in this study. They were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Japanese version, at baseline and 3 years after. Cognitive decline was defined as a reduction of two or more points in the total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score over 3 years. Baseline diabetes-related factors were compared between the cognitive decrement and non-decrement groups to identify risk factors associated with cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients aged 71.5 ± 4.0 years were included. Total scores for the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Japanese version) at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up showed no significant changes (P = 0.38, P = 0.26). Delayed recall sub-scores of both tests were significantly lower after 3 years compared to their corresponding levels at baseline (P = 0.007, P = 0.04); 32% experienced impaired cognition after 3 years compared to baseline examination. Decline in total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was significantly associated with the onset age (β = 0.54, P = 0.026) and duration of type-1 diabetes mellitus (β = -4.77, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus without dementia experience a progressive decline in memory over time. Long durations of type-1 diabetes mellitus are associated with cognitive decline even without dementia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".