Association between B-cell activating factor and future depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are cytokines that play critical roles in the maturation, homeostasis, and differentiation of B-cells. Both cytokines have also been associated with mental disorders. The link between inflammation and depression is well-established. Patients undergoing hemodialysis who also experience depressive symptoms exhibit a state of immune dysfunction. We hypothesized that BAFF and APRIL levels would influence future depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: We enrolled 72 hemodialysis patients without baseline depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were assessed annually for 2 years using the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The participants were measured for plasma BAFF, APRIL, and tumor necrosis factor-a levels. To evaluate the impact of these levels on the development of depressive symptoms, we performed Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms were observed in 31 (43.1%) patients. In both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, a 1 SD increase in BAFF was significantly associated with an increased risk of future depressive symptoms, with hazard ratios of 1.44 (95%CI 1.03-2.00) and 1.70 (95%CI 1.04-2.78), respectively. Higher BAFF groups had a significantly greater incidence of depressive symptoms over 2 years (p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: Elevated plasma BAFF levels were significantly associated with the development of depressive symptoms in hemodialysis patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".