Effects of impact geometry and orientation on water entry of cylindrical disks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study aims to map the effects of cylindrical disk geometry and release orientation on the collision, splash evolution, crown formation, and energy losses of solid and annular cylindrical disks in stagnant water. The effects of face-on and edge-on release orientations on cavity formation, pinch-off metrics, sinking velocity, and energy dissipation at different stages of evolution were investigated. The outcomes elaborate on the considerable impacts of the collision area of the disks with the fluid surface where the release orientation leads to significant change in pinch-off depth, sinking velocity, splash diameter, and energy losses. The observations of edge-on impact orientation indicated that the pinch-off time and depth increase while disk density increments, but decrease as disk aspect ratio and opening size increase. The maximum splash diameter in edge-on impact orientation was nearly 70% of the corresponding face-on impact orientation. While disk opening causes a reduction in splash diameter with face-on release orientation, its effect weakens in edge-on release orientation, which indicates that the splash size depends mainly on the collision surface area of solid objects. The summation of all the factors was assessed through computed energy losses due to the downward movement of the disk into water for different stages of collision, pinch-off, and sinking. It was found that solid disks impart more energy during face-on release orientation, whereas annular disks exhibit greater energy losses at the collision stage in edge-on release orientation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".