Combined lidocaine and xylazine increases the duration of analgesia in proximal paravertebral blocks in adult dairy cattle compared to lidocaine alone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To develop an ultrasound (US)-assisted proximal paravertebral block (PPVB) technique and compare the duration of analgesic effects of US-assisted PPVBs using lidocaine and lidocaine plus xylazine. Methods: US-assisted PPVBs were performed in a hospital setting in 7 university-owned adult Holsteins with either 90 mL of lidocaine total or 89.4 mL of lidocaine plus 0.6 mL (12 mg) of xylazine in a randomized, blinded, cross-over design with each cow receiving each block after a 7-day washout period. Proximal paravertebral block success and duration were tested up to 8 hours after injection with a needle-pinprick test in 3 sites (dorsal, middle, and ventral) along a paralumbar fossa incision line beginning about 10 cm ventral to the transverse processes and about 10 cm caudal to the last rib. The success and duration of anesthesia of lidocaine and lidocaine-xylazine PPVBs, as well as differences between the 3 sites, were compared. Results: The needle-pinprick analgesic scores were significantly different 4 hours after lidocaine and lidocaine-xylazine PPVBs at the dorsal and ventral sites along a flank incision. The lidocaine group returned to pre-PPVB scores significantly earlier (4 hours) than the lidocaine-xylazine group (6 hours). Conclusions: The combination of lidocaine-xylazine significantly increased the duration of anesthesia compared to PPVBs performed with lidocaine alone. Clinical Relevance: Lidocaine and xylazine are readily available to veterinarians and relatively inexpensive. In a clinical setting, using lidocaine and xylazine to perform PPVBs may be useful to prolong flank anesthesia in adult cattle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".