Importance of Spatial Variability in Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Relatively Steep Undrained Slopes with a Foundation Layer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The paper investigates the influence of a foundation layer on relatively steep undrained slopes with spatially variable soil strength. The definition of a relatively steep slope in this context is a slope angle that is steeper than that established by Taylor for the transition point between toe failures and base failures in uniform slopes which occurs at around 53°. It is shown that when the soil strength is spatially variable, critical failure mechanisms can pass into the foundation layer even in relatively steep slopes, which could never happen in a uniform soil. Although the worst‐case correlation length is a well‐established phenomenon in geotechnical reliability, it has usually been associated with slopes with relatively low factors of safety based on the mean. The paper demonstrates for the first time that even slopes with high factors of safety based on mean strength, can exhibit a striking worst‐case correlation length, confirming that failure to account for spatial variability can lead to unsafe predictions of the probability of failure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".