Associations Between Past and Current Use of Oral Contraceptives and Fear Regulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low endogenous estradiol (E2) levels can occur naturally during menstruation or through oral contraceptive (OC) use. Such low levels have been suggested as vulnerability factors for impaired fear extinction memory recall. Although hormonal contraceptives have been linked to enduring psychological outcomes, their possible long-term relevance for extinction memory remains underexplored. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to replicate findings linking OC use with altered extinction recall and to examine potential long-term associations and neural correlates. To do so, a validated fear protocol (day 1: fear conditioning, extinction learning; day 2: extinction recall, fear renewal) was administered to 147 healthy adults. Psychophysiological (skin conductance responses [SCRs]) and neural between-group differences were examined across the protocol using 2 types of groupings: 1) E2-based groups (men, current OC users, women in the early follicular phase, women in the preovulatory phase) and 2) OC history-based groups (men, current OC users, never OC users, past OC users). RESULTS: During extinction recall, higher SCRs were found in current OC users relative to preovulatory women (grouping 1) and never users (grouping 2). Among current OC users, SCRs during extinction recall correlated with hippocampus, dorsal-rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activations. Exploratory analyses revealed that past OC users who were in the early follicular phase exhibited SCRs as high as current users. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight impaired extinction recall in current OC users, with vmPFC, ACC, and hippocampal involvement. Past OC use may carry lasting associations with fear dysregulation, particularly under low-E2 states.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".