Association between circulating biomarkers and atrial fibrillation burden in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a subanalysis of the RACE V study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Biochemical markers of inflammation, coagulation and myocardial stress have been associated with both prevalent and incident atrial fibrillation (AF), but little is known about the relationship between biomarker expression and AF burden. AIMS: Our aim was to investigate the association between cardiovascular biomarkers and AF burden and AF episode duration ≥24 hours. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this multicentre observational cohort study, we included 404 patients with paroxysmal AF from the Reappraisal of Atrial Fibrillation: Interaction between Hypercoagulability, Electrical Remodelling and Vascular Destabilisation in the Progression of AF study and evaluated a total of 92 potential cardiovascular blood biomarkers. All patients completed 1 year of follow-up with continuous rhythm monitoring using an implanted loop recorder or a dual-chamber pacemaker. The relationship between biomarker expression and AF was investigated using multiple regression including nine preselected covariates: age, sex, prior heart failure, hypertension, renal insufficiency, prior stroke, coronary artery disease, body mass index and treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs. Elevated levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were associated with higher AF burden (incidence rate ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.06) and AF episode duration ≥24 hours (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.27). Increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2, neurogenic locus notch homologue protein 3 and tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 were additionally associated with AF episode durations ≥24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Higher circulating levels of NT-proBNP are associated with increased AF burden and AF episode duration ≥24 hours in patients with paroxysmal AF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02726698.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".