Precursor effects on surface functionalization, photoluminescence, and cytotoxicity of carbon dots synthesized via microwave-assisted methods
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Surface functional groups and surface charge of CDs are dependent on the precursors • CDs made from spermine show positive charge as compared to other CDs • More surface oxygen-containing groups on CDs causes redshifted emission • Cell viability of CDs made from chitosan depends on the incubation time Carbon dots (CDs) produced by microwave-assisted methods have been extensively used in many applications such as theranostics. The microstructures and properties of CDs are highly associated with their precursors. However, few studies have reported on the effects of precursors on functional group-associated properties of CDs. Herein, different precursors were used to produce CDs with a microwave-assisted method, namely CDs made of (1) citric acid/urea (CA/U-CDs), (2) chitosan (C-CDs), (3) glucose (G-CDs), and (4) spermine (SG-CDs). CDs are all negatively charged except SG-CDs which show some positive charges. The photoluminescence of the CDs was measured at excitation of 480 nm, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to analyze the relative proportion of functional groups on CD surfaces, with results further confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The more oxygen-containing groups compared to nitrogen-containing groups CDs have, the longer the emission wavelength (λ em ). In addition, the cytotoxicity of different CDs was investigated on NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. In particular, C-CDs improved cell growth with cell viability >100% after 24 hours but decreased viability at longer incubations, likely due to increased uptake and lysosomal stress. In contrast, G-CDs exhibited stable biocompatibility over 72 h. This study demonstrates the effect of functional groups on CDs made with different precursors on their surface charge, emission, and cytotoxicity, which may provide guidance to the design and development of CDs with tunable luminescent and biocompatible properties.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it