Ossification of the cranium of <i>Inpaichthys kerri</i> (Characiformes: Acestrorhamphidae) with discussion of paedomorphic traits in the genus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study of development provides valuable information on the evolution of morphological traits, enabling the detection of important evolutionary processes and revealing unique ontogenetic characteristics not observed in adult individuals. The Characiformes is one of the largest groups of Neotropical fish and includes several lineages of small species that have undergone a reduction in body size, a phenomenon often associated with paedomorphosis. In this study, we analyzed an ontogenetic series of a small characiform, Inpaichthys kerri, ranging from newly hatched individuals to adults, with the aim of describing in detail the development of the cranial skeleton and establishing its ossification sequence. Seventy-two skull bones were described, from the first signs of ossification to their adult forms, including the complete sequence of appearance of these structures throughout development. We also identified a unique developmental sequence for the infraorbital bones of I. kerri. We highlight the presence of paedomorphic characters found in I. kerri, which are shared by its congeners and by other small Characiform lineages, and discuss them based on ontogenetic and phylogenetic information. The information collected and discussed here is unprecedented and is valuable to the understanding of relationships within Acestrorhamphidae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".